Plaque that remains in the oral cavity for long periods of time will eventually calcify and turn into calculus. While dental plaque is not the only cause of periodontitis, it is often referred to as a primary contributor. This condition is referred to as periodontitis. When the gums become chronically irritated, it can result in a loss of the connective tissue fibers which attach the gums to the teeth and bone that surrounds the tooth. This condition is referred to as gingivitis. The accumulation of plaque causes irritation and inflammation of the gums. Numerous variables can influence the formation of calculus which include age, gender, ethnic background, diet, oral hygiene, bacterial plaque composition, genetics, access to dental care, physical disabilities, systemic diseases, tobacco use and drugs or medications. It also forms at different locations throughout the mouth. The formation of calculus can drastically vary among individuals. Both areas commonly have a high flow of saliva because of their proximity to the salivary glands. Supragingival calculus formation is most prevalent on the cheek surfaces of the upper jaw molars and on the tongue surfaces of the lower jaw incisors. The processes of calculus forming as a result of dental plaque is not well understood. Calculus buildup is usually removed using ultrasonic tools or dental hand instruments like a periodontal scaler. Brushing and flossing can remove the plaque where calculus forms, however, once it is present, calculus is too difficult to remove with a toothbrush. The formation of calculus is associated with a variety of issues which include bad breath, receding gums and chronic inflammation. Calculus can form along the gumline and within the narrow sulcus that exists between the teeth and the gums. This leads to a buildup of calculus, which compromises the gingiva or gum’s health. This process of precipitation kills off the bacterial cells within the dental plaque, however, the process results in a rough and hardened surface which is an ideal surface for the formation of future plaque. It is caused by the accumulation of minerals from saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). Calculus or tartar on the teeth is a result of hardened dental plaque.
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